Concept of Time in General and Particular in Ancient India and todays world(Part III)

 

Experiments must be carried out when eclipses take place solar eclipse and lunar eclipse, in Sanskrit Chandragrahana and Suryagrahana. That is totally represented by full moon and new moon. Experiments carried out in the world should start 2 days before that. Actual experiment and your prototype experiment will be 2 days earlier for starting at proper time. This is nothing but formal logic, including negative numbers and complex numbers and imaginary numbers. You should have measuring rod at the time of experiment called conics; in ancient India it was called as Shankhu which means  a conic, top. Shankhu is a scientific instrument based on the model of conches. Because conics are most developed branch in mathematics, analytical geometry, topological geometry, algebra geometry and arithmetic put together. That day you have to start measuring directions and measuring time. For doing this we should have 4 junior people sitting one in east, west, north and south respectively and one in centre as senior or pre siding officer. What is to be done? First, that Shankhu has to be put in centre of that region. Measurements and configuration of Shankhu has been properly formulated and given for recurring it.  In Vedic terms it has 24 angulas height which can be calibrated. The number 24 is accepted as the source so 24 angulas height should be put at region but not on the surface. You have to dug the ground such that of 24 angulas, 6 should be dug onto the ground and 18 will be on top in such a way that conic should be properly polished like a mirror because rays of sun should fall on that conic apparatus and that centre on the top of the conic body must have one single vertical axis. Manufacturer should be great geometer, mathematician, and great philosopher for this purpose. So the centre on the top means zenith and nadir should be on same vertical line is most important. If you take that plane, region as x axis then Shankhus vertical axis will be y axis, that is coordinal and this is ordinal, coordinate and ordinate mathematically speaking. So it is exactly right angle triangle which is right from the beginning the western and eastern countries are model for that. Newton also had the same when he decided these arguments and carried out experiments. It is if you just put pressure on the top zenith then it will make a concentric series of circle. You should start experiments in the morning. To decide the accuracy of a conic we have to take measurements at the midday. The real midday will be that when sun comes exactly at a point in the sky when Shankhu should have not any shadow if there is a slight deviation as it will create a problem mathematically. That accuracy has to be achieved by experiments and then explained as result. In morning when you start experiments what happens that you have to decide the common direction as we know is east so the eastern point when the sun rises the rays falls on the tip of Shankhu and that shadow will be on western circle, western region and on the evening shadow will be on the east. But that is not accepted as scientific truth. It’s not the 1st ray of sun which important but ArdhaSuryodaya, half sun comes then that point has to be taken as proper one, shadow point. Same is the case with evening, half sun set.

Joining east and west points to get east and west is also not accepted. Because there is a gap of 12 hours from morning to evening so therefore those points are not mathematically, geometrically accepted. So what to do? So from western and eastern points they draw circles so they meet and contact each other. It’s like a Venn diagram. 2 circles meet at 2 points. Draw a circle then another circle then we calls it 2 circles touching each other and that 2 points are south and west point. Another two circles are drawn from north and south and from that north and south are decided, joined then east and west are joined. 

Because 12 hours gap changes the change in time. The shloka from Patanjali Yogasutra that states  "kramānyatvaṃ pariṇāmānyatve hetuḥ "|| 3.15 ||  gives us wider approach to this|. Change in direction, time, function is change in function. Therefore this accuracy has been maintained. Then we decide the time so this is the beginning of time. What we are measuring is not time but measuring space. By measuring space we are measuring time. Other factor comes about motion.  Motion is here about the Sun as moon is always changing but sun is steady comparatively. Starting from eastern to western is clockwise for time being. Earth’s poles are tilted they are not straight so therefore east and south should be considered together during measurements. It is slowly reaching right, southern and upwards while revolving around the sun. 3-dimensionality is given by Indian tradition. It is a 3 dimensional configuration; it is a cubic equation mathematically speaking. So this is beginning and by this approach Panchanga has been made. Then comparatively all Grahas, Nakshatras are also included into this. But it’s the source material which is put forth. Another point is relevant here that we are just covering half model, sun moving from east to west and again west to east is again. 3 dimensionally we should cover west-north-east-south-top-down-zenith-nadir. This is a spherical and dynamic model. This is not only earth but also moon, sun but also all others. So it is a cosmic universal configuration. First reference is found from Vedas, there are only two pathways in the whole world one is that of lightness and other is that of darkness, bright and darkness, shadow and light. The beginning is sunrise then it is a day then fortnight, month, season, year respectively and then whole annual cycle mathematically.   

 In Bhagavad-Gita it is stated that “śhukla-kṛiṣhṇe gatī hyete jagataḥ śhāśhvate mate ekayā yātyanāvṛittim anyayāvartate punaḥ”||8.26||. There  are only  two 2 paths, two holes in this whole world related to light and dark , they are eternal, by one way they are winding other way they are unwinding. Day and Night, Fortnight, Month, Summer solstice and Winter Solstice. So basically it has semantic basis and semantic  aspect that calendar has been prepared not for anything else either it is religion, science, construction engineering, dam, defence etc. all are based on this basic configuration. Semantic approach is also seen six tastes; Sweet sour and salty is opposite to bitter, astringent and pungent respectively. So Sweet is constructive and pungent is destructive which shows a semantic aspect. It means that if it the transition of   morning sun to evening sun is clockwise then the other half journey from evening to morning should be anticlockwise. It is a modular approach in mathematics. All the activities such as empirical, reflective and transcendental are adjusted with this basic model or configuration. Hot and cold is related to Physics. If one is winding then other is unwinding.  

Thanks for reading. 

References:

1.Patanjali Yogasutra

2. Bhagavad Gita